1. The Wave Equation
2. Electromagnetic Waves
3. Interference
4. Diffraction
5. Polarization
6. Geometric Optics
7. Fourier Optics
8. Coherence
9. Lasers
10. Fresnel Equations
11. Dispersion
12. Optical Fibres
13. Problem Set
14. Fourier Optics
15. Coherence Theory
16. Detailed Diffraction Theory
17. Polarisation in Detail
18. Common Pitfalls
19. Fourier Optics
20. Coherence Theory
21. Lasers
22. Nonlinear Optics
23. Computational Imaging and Adaptive Optics

University-level optics and wave physics notes covering interference, diffraction, and lasers.

• Wave Equation: Derivation, solutions, superposition principle
• Interference: Young”s slits, thin films, Michelson interferometer
• Diffraction: Single slit, grating, Fraunhofer and Fresnel regimes
• Polarisation: Malus’s law, birefringence, wave plates

• Electromagnetism (Maxwell’s equations, waves)
• Multivariable calculus (partial derivatives, Fourier transforms)
• Linear algebra (complex numbers, vectors)
• Basic wave mechanics

Start with the wave equation to build foundational knowledge, then progress to interference and diffraction. Each section includes worked examples and practice problems.

Use the sidebar to browse topics, or start with the introductory pages linked from the sidebar.

Each section includes:

• Detailed explanations of key concepts
• Worked examples with step-by-step solutions
• Practice problems with answers
• Common pitfalls and how to avoid them
• Connections to other areas of physics

1. Master the wave equation: Understand the physical meaning of wave solutions
2. Practise problems: Work through many problems to build intuition
3. Draw diagrams: Visualise interference and diffraction patterns
4. Learn Fourier optics: Understand the connection between spatial and frequency domains
5. Connect to applications: Relate optics to lasers, imaging, and telecommunications